Spatio-temporal patterns refer to the relationships and interactions between objects or events in both space and time. This research area focuses on studying how phenomena change and evolve over time and space, and how patterns emerge and fluctuate in different locations. Researchers in this field use various analytical techniques, such as geographic information systems (GIS), remote sensing, and time series analysis, to identify and analyze these patterns. The goal of studying spatio-temporal patterns is to understand the underlying processes driving these patterns and to make predictions or recommendations for future events based on this analysis. This research area is commonly applied in fields such as urban planning, environmental studies, epidemiology, and climate science.